For Beginners: Stencyl or Yoyo GameMaker
Stencyl is a tool to create games without code. It's an entirely drag-and-drop interface and you can publish your games to Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android, and Flash. If you've ever used something like Scratch, you'll be immediately familiar with Stencyl's LEGO-like approach to building code by arranging blocks. Stencyl aims to make creating sprite-based games very easy, so it tends to be most used for puzzle and side-scroller games. It's tough to do anything very complex with Stencyl, so if you're looking to do something like an RPG or strategy game, you'll likely want to look elsewhere. Some popular games built with Stencyl include Impossible Pixel and Zuki's Quest. Stencyl also has a built-in tutorial that'll teach you just about everything you need to know.
GameMaker is another free, easy to use tool made for beginners where you can create games for Windows, Mac, iOS, and Android. Like Stencyl, it's mostly drag-and-drop, but also includes hooks for creating multiplayer games, linking external SDKs, digging directly into the code and more. The free version of GameMaker exports with a watermark, but it's still a decent place to start and comes packed with a tutorial for learning the basics. GameMaker's much more versatile than Stencyl in the style of games it can handle, and they have a bunch of guides for different types of games to teach you the basics. Popular games made with GameMaker include the original version of Spelunky and Hotline Miami.
Of course, there are a lot of other options for similar tools. Buildbox is a newer tool that gives you a trial period and training program to learn how to use it, and GameSalad's a long-running and popular platform as well, though it's often reported as being buggy and unstable. Construct is also worth a look if you want to make HTML5 games. The problem with all of these options is that you end up being pretty restricted in your design. Since they're made for beginners, you end up breaking the tool when you try to do anything particularly complicated. This means they end up producing buggy, unplayable games if you try working too far outside of their system. Still, they're a great place to start and are good for people who don't have a lot of coding experience.
For Mid-Level Users Looking to Make 2D Games: Cocos2D
The bulk of what you'll be doing in Cocos2D is in C++ (and also supports Lua and JavaScript), so you'll need to wrap your head around that programming language before you can start making anything with Cocos2D. However, once you're settled into those languages, Cocos2D is pretty easy to use, comes packed with a full IDE for building games, and is completely free, no strings attached. As the name suggests, Cocos2D is made specifically for 2D games, so it tends to work best with simple, sprite-based games that don't need any 3D. You can also make 2D games with Unity (more on that in a second), but Cocos2D is a bit easier to get into if you're just starting out (and you already know C++, obviously).
Cocos2D has been used to make all kinds of successful games, including the award winning Badland. If you're not sure where to start with Cocos2D, Ray Wenderlich has a fantastic tutorial, as does Udemy.
For Advanced Users Making 3D Games: Unreal Engine or Unity
With Unity, you can make 3D and 2D games for just about everything, including Windows, Mac, Xbox, Playstation, Android, iOS, and more. It also supports assets from the likes of 3ds Max, Maya, Softimage, Cinema 4D, Blender, and more. Unity uses C# alongside its own custom programming language, so you'll want to be pretty well-versed in that before you dive in. That said, between Unity and Unreal, Unity is probably the easier to learn of the two. It has a lot of pre-built behaviours and the built-in asset library makes tracking down assets easy. A few of the developers I talked with while writing this suggest Unity as the best starting tool because it's conceptually easier to understand and learn than Unreal. If you've made a game with something like GameMaker, you'll be able to wrap your head around how Unity works right away. Unity also supports some alternative payment models right in the engine, including a number of free-to-play monetization models.
The free, personal version has plenty there to get you started. If you make a game with the free version, you don't have to pay licensing fees or royalties, though there are some caveats. Namely, you can't receive more than $100,000 worth of funding/revenue for your games if you're using the free edition. To help you get started with Unity, there are a ton of great tutorials out there. Popular games made with Unity include Alto's Adventure, Gone Home, and the upcoming Firewatch.
You can release games you make with Unreal Engine on PC, Mac, iOS, Android, Xbox One, and Playstation 4. Unreal has pretty much everything you need to build a game is built into the engine, including 3D modeling tools, landscape systems, and more. Because it's packed with so much stuff, Unreal Engine 4 tends to have a higher learning curve than other tools, so even if you're well versed in C++, expect to run into some walls as you're learning. That said, you'll be able to build incredibly professional looking games with Unreal. You can also reverse engineer Unreal's nodes to learn more about how it works, but even still, it's difficult to jump into Unreal Engine 4 without any prior knowledge. Unreal Engine 4 is still relatively new, but a few games have been released that use the engine, including Daylight and Tekken 7.
To use Unreal Engine 4, you'll have to agree to a royalty fee if your game sells. When you ship a game or application, you pay a 5% royalty to Unreal after your first $3,000/quarter. It sounds like a lot of money, but depending on how much revenue your game brings in it's not as much as it sounds. To get started, check all the tutorials available for Unreal Engine 4.
It's also worth considering Valve's Source 2 Engine, which should be available for free later this year, but we don't know much about it beyond that.
Additional Free Tools for Assets
Of course, a game's a lot more complex than just an engine. You'll need all kinds of other assets, including artwork, sound, and more. I asked a few indie developers for a rundown of some of their favorites:
TexturePacker: A free, sprite creation tool
Tiled: A simple map editor that hooks into Cocos2D, Unity, and more
OpenGamesArt: a place for free assets and placeholder graphics
Free Music Archive: a resource for free, Creative Commons music
FreeSound: a collection of free, open source sound effects
With that, you should be well on your way to making games on the cheap. Obviously you'll still need to invest time, blood, sweat, and tears, but at least your pocketbook doesn't have to take a hit as well.
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